challenge or to view those submitted by others
This post is the third in a series explaining how a particular work of art or a group of works was created.
Nature Print, ©2009 C.J.Peiffer
Click on any image for a larger view.
What is Nature Printing?
This is an art form that can be done by adults or children (of about grade 5 and up with adult supervision.) Nature Printing takes no particular artistic skill, but it does require a sense of composition and some planning to create successful prints. According to master printer Robert W. Little, “What a nature printer needs most is a combination of curiosity and patience.”
Nature Printing is actually an old process perfected in Japan and called Gyotaku. When my high school biology teacher Robert W. Little (now deceased) retired, he visited Japan and started to make nature prints on paper. In 1972, he was one of only three foreigners admitted to the special association for nature printers in Japan, the Gyotaku-no-kai.
Little published 2 books on the art. I have one that I purchased when it was first published in 1976. All quotes by Little on this post are from this book.
Although his books are no longer available new, I found several used at Amazon and other sites. Or search for other books about nature printing.
Nature Prints are monoprints or monographs, i.e. one of a kind, not reproduced in a series as are many fine art prints. Even though I use a method that makes two prints, each will be a mirror image of the other and slightly different, and thus, still monoprints.
Little explains that a Nature Print is “a reproduction of nature made by applying ink to an object of nature, placing this object on highly absorbent paper, and reproducing an image... by carefully applied pressure of the fingers. The procedure is not as simple as it sounds, but neither is it difficult.”
Detail of a fish print by Christopher M. Dewees
What can be printed?
Leaves, flowers, and thin-stemmed plants are commonly used, however one can use any natural object. Although usually done with plants, one doesn't have to use plant materials. I have seen prints using snakeskin, wood, seaweed, shells, insects, sea horses and other small marine animals. In fact, the art was originally used in Japan to record game fish by creating prints from the actual fish.
For a beginner, oak or maple leaves work well because they are fairly flat and durable. More delicate materials, like flower petals, require subtle handling.
I particularly like the effect with Queen Ann's Lace, but almost anything that is fairly flat, or can be flattened, works ---and it works best with fresh plants because they are pliable and not brittle.
Relief prints or collagraphs using some natural elements:
Non-natural objects can be combined with natural materials. However, the resulting prints will not be “Nature Prints” anymore, but will be relief prints or perhaps collographs (printed collage materials) that use some natural materials. Be mindful of the objects you choose to combine with natural items. The finished piece will need visual harmony. Grabbing any old thing to place with the natural items might create disharmony ---but of course, that could be your objective.
Some things that might go well are: burlap or other textured fabric, mesh, metal washers, popsicle sticks, a woven mat ---if arranged in such a way to seem to belong with the natural items. Most likely, items that have been inked and printed will be stained and need to be dedicated to your printing supplies or be discarded.
Papers:
Nature Prints can be made on a variety of absorbent papers and fabrics. Newsprint (the blank paper used for newspapers) works very well, but it ages quickly and becomes yellow and brittle. It will work well for experimenting, but not for finished prints.
Oriental papers (often called rice paper) and parchment work well. The best paper is fairly thin and not stiff, so it will give a little around your objects without ripping. Experiment with what you have to see what works best.
Detail of "Gethsemane" by Robert W. Little
Little seems to have either painted some of his paper for a more interesting background, or he might have rolled ink onto the paper and allowed it to dry before printing his plant materials. He also seems to have used some ink splatter to add interest to his finished prints.
Detail of "Some Say the World Will End in Fire" by Robert W. Little
Inks:
Oil based or water based printing inks can be used. Water based inks are much easier to clean up and the prints dry quickly. Oil based inks are more permanent, but more difficult to clean; solvents and protective gloves are needed, and the prints take longer to dry. If printing on fabric, you might use Acrylic paints mixed with a fabric medium.
Although I have not tried them, I understand one can use watercolors, tempera, acrylics or oil paint instead of printing ink.
If you prefer to make natural printing ink, search online to "Can I make lino printing ink from natural mateirial?" You will find several sites with that info. You can substitute other kinds of ink in your search. Instead of "lino" write woodcut, relief, intaglio, lithography, collography, or silkscreen. Any of those inks should work, although you may need to thin some. And make sure the ink you choose is water or oil based, whichever you prefer.)
Materials you will need:
Bags or a basket to hold plants while gathering them
A variety of fresh plant materials, not more than two
days old
Old magazines or a phone book to press materials until ready to use
Waxed paper to use between pages to keep items fresh
Something to use as weights (heavy books, rocks, bricks)
Work area, preferably a table.
Brayers, soft rubber rollers ---the kind used for wood cut,
linoleum cut, or other relief printing. You need one for
each color of ink you are using. SOFT rubber is
important.
One extra brayer or a wooden spoon (or your fingers) for transferring ink
from your natural materials to paper.
Printing inks (see above)
A variety of papers (see above)
Something to roll the ink on: glass sheets (with edges
taped to prevent finger cuts) or plexiglas sheets, or old
vinyl trays. When I taught school, cafeteria workers
saved trays with broken edges for the art department
for this purpose. As long as the flat part of the trays
were smooth, not cracked or broken, they worked well.
If you use oil based inks: rubber gloves, solvents
Newspapers or plastic. to cover your work area
Tweezers, preferably scientific equipment, not eyebrow
pluckers
Newsprint for experimenting
Toothpicks or dissecting needles (with wooden handles)
or large sewing needles
Access to a sink, soap, paper towels, rags, for clean up
Trash bags
Space to lay wet prints to dry, or a clothes line and
spring-clip clothes pins to hang them
The Process:
There are several methods that can be used to create these prints. Some people paint one side of the plant objects with a brush and make only one print at a time. With my method, two prints can be created at the same time.
This is how I create mine, two at a time. I am explaining this as if printing a leaf, but the method is the same for other items.
1. Gather plant materials the same day or up to two days in advance. Beginners should choose fairly flat items such as leaves. To keep materials fresh and flat, place them between wax paper sheets and place in pages of old magazines and place something heavy on top (books, rocks, bricks.) Wax paper or plastic sheets helps to keep them fresh.
2. Roll a thin, even film of ink onto a glass, plexiglas or acrylic sheet or a silicone mat using a soft ink roller. Roll it both vertically and horizontally for even coverage. The ink should have a small texture and sound sticky as it is rolled. If it results in long streaks, there is too much ink on the sheet. Make sure the area covered by the ink is larger than the size of your leaf or other plant materials.
3. Carefully place a leaf on top of the rolled ink, then using the same roller, roll ink on top of the leaf.
4. I use either 2 sheets of paper or one large sheet folded in half. Using one sheet is helpful if you want to lift up the half of the sheet that's o the top to check if you missed a spot, then you can place it ack in the exact same lace. That can be difficult iwth 2 sheets of paper.
Lift the inky leaf with tweezers or lift an edge with a needle, and place it on one half of the paper, then fold the other half on top. If you do not want to waste paper on beginning experiments, use newsprint or other cheap paper.
The reverse of some objects may not print well, a shell for example. If you are making only one print at a time, instead of two, make sure to place the veined sides of leaves up (or the 'good' side of any object.) For only one print, you can paint the ink on one side only, or use a cheap pieee of newsprint or other paper for the side you don't plan to keep.
The sticky ink will usually prevent a leaf from moving, but the stems sometimes move causing a double or blurred image. With younger children, you might want to cut the stems from the leaves before printing.
5. Use a clean soft roller on the top sheet of paper to transfer the ink. Use a gentle touch. If you are using an object that is more three-dimensional, be careful when using a roller to transfer the ink onto the paper, if you press too hard, the paper may tear.
If you don’t have a clean roller, you can use the back of a wooden spoon to lightly rub on the top sheet of paper.
For adults or children with patience, the best way to transfer ink is with the fingers. When you rub the top sheet of paper yoy can feel the leaf underneath it and can thus concentrate the pressure where you need it, on the veins, for example. Experiment to discover the pressure level necessary to transfer your ink. Waterbased ink will dry quickly, so if rubbing with fingers do it thoroughly, but quickly.
With fingers, it is best to work from the center outward and with small circular motions.
If you place one piece of paper under the objects and one on top, you will end up with 2 prints. One will be the top of the leaf and one the bottom, which is more interesting with the veins. On some plants, it doesn't matter ---both look equally good. And of course, one print will be a mirror image of the other.
Nature Print, ©2009 C.J.Peiffer
6. Carefully separate your paper from the plant materials. Gently pull the plants from the paper with tweezers. Start with the stem, if there is one. If you have difficulty pealing them from the paper, try getting under a corner of a plant with a toothpick or needle.
One problem with Queen Ann’s Lace and some other plants, is that little bits of the flowers stick to the ink. You may need to lift them from the glass or from your print with tweezers. You might need to clean your glass sheets and start over with fresh ink occasionally or when you want to cchange colors.
Beginners should print one item at a time. Allow to dry before adding
the next item. (Below these steps, you will find recommendations for
printing multiple items at a time.)
7. Place prints flat on a table with printed sides up or use spring-clip clothes pins to hang them on a line to dry.
Using plant materials more than once:
Sometimes plants can be used again. If you use them right away, you could roll a different color on your glass plate and over the items. Some of the first color may also transfer, so be sure to choose colors that will mix well, for example yellow and green or two shades of the same color.
If they cannot be used another time, discard them and use new materials.
Printing more than one object at a time:
One can print one leaf or object at a time, waiting for the ink to dry before printing another on the same paper, or one can roll the ink on several leaves or plants, one at a time, arranging each into a pleasing composition, then place the paper on top and transfer the ink. If you use water-based inks, the ink could dry while rolling out more ink for other plant materials, so you need to work quickly.
Composition:
I recommend placing the objects in an orderly fashion, so that, for example, the stems seem to come from the bottom center, or simply the bottom. Prints with haphazard placement are not as successful. With younger children, I recommend having them lay the plants out on a sheet of paper the way they want to place them before they are inked or printed.
Examples of completed Nature Prints:
I scanned two prints that I created on the same day using three colors of ink (gold, brown, and rust) printed on white absorbent printing paper. I created the designs above and below as demonstrations for my 8th-grade students. To illustrate the many options, I digitally changed the ink colors and/or the background colors here so one can see a few other possibilities of ink and paper choices.
(Unless otherwise noted, all prints and text: ©2009, C.J. Peiffer)
You may reproduce the TEXT portion of this post, for educational purposes only.
Click on any image for a larger view.
